TORONTO/LONDON – Anglo American unit De Beers is going after lucrative, but elusive high-tech markets in quantum computing, as it aims to expand its lab-grown diamond business beyond drilling and cutting.
Element Six, De Beers' synthetic diamond arm, is building a $94-million factory in Portland, Oregon, an expansion that comes as scientists from Moscow to London push to develop diamonds for futuristic applications.
AdvertisementResearchers have long chased the synthetic 'holy grail' of diamond semiconductors, without commercial success.
Resilient to extreme temperatures with super-conductive properties, diamonds can withstand conditions that silicon cannot, but roadblocks around cost and production have thwarted developers.
AdvertisementNow coming of age after decades of experiments, technology called chemical vapor deposition, or CVD, offers a path to higher-quality, lower-cost production of synthetic diamonds and that opens the door to potential new computing markets.
Diamonds created by CVD anchor Element Six's fast-growing business for advanced laser, thermal and water applications, said CEO Walter Huhn.
"But there are other applications in the quantum field, including computing, sensors and magnetometry, that could become very exciting parts of the business in future," said Huhn. Magnetometers, sensors measuring magnetism, can be used in mobile phone networks.
"It's impossible to say at this stage just how big these could become, but it's an important area of research and development for us because the potential is so vast."
The global synthetic diamond market, from jewelry to medical equipment, is forecast at $28.6-billion by 2023, up from around $15-billion in 2014, according to Crystal Market Research.
Other companies in the sector include Russia's New Diamond Technology, Singapore's IIa Technologies and US-based Diamond Foundry.
While the wholesale replacement of silicon semiconductors by diamonds is unlikely, niche markets such as the thermal management of semiconductor packaging, which is worth tens of-billions of dollars annually, are likelier applications, according to Dan Hutcheson, CEO of VLSI Research, a semiconductor research firm in California.
CVD technology brings that closer to reality, said Anirudha Sumant, a scientist at the US Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois.
This year, some 2-million carats of gem-quality synthetic diamonds will be produced, versus approximately 60-million carats of gem-quality natural stones from 148-million carats mined, said industry analyst Paul Zimnisky.
"To supply diamond processing chips to Apple, for example, would require much larger-scale production and higher consistency in quality," he said.
Element Six, which produced its first synthetic diamond in 1953, will also use CVD for the Lightbox line, jewelry with polished synthetic stones priced at $800 per carat. It targets annual production of 500 000 rough carats by 2020.
De Beers abandoned its policy of strictly selling natural diamonds for jewelry in May, a U-turn that it said reflected consumer demand.
The shift coincides with challenges for diamond mining. Prices for natural rough diamonds are about 20% below record 2011 highs, while synthetic production costs are dropping.